doi: 10.56294/sctconf2024.1126

Category: Finance, Business, Management, Economics and Accounting

ORIGINAL

The role of state and non-state institutions in the formation of regulatory paradigms in the international business environment

El papel de las instituciones estatales y no estatales en la formación de paradigmas normativos en el entorno empresarial internacional

Volodymyr Morozov¹ *, Yuriі Shulzhyk² *, Vitalii Svichkar³ *, Nataliia Fastovets⁴ *, Grygoriy Shamborovsky⁵ *

¹National Aviation University, Faculty of International Relations, Kyiv, Ukraine.

²Interregional Academy of Personnel Management, Truskavets, Ukraine.

³National University “Yuri Kondratyuk Poltava Polytechnic”, Educational and Research Institute of Finance, Economy, Management and Law, Department International Economic Relations and Tourism, Poltava, Ukraine.

⁴Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design, Institute of Law and Modern Technologies, Department of Private and Public Law, Kyiv, Ukraine.

⁵Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Faculty of International Relations, Department of International Economic Relations, Lviv, Ukraine.

Cite as: Morozov V, Shulzhyk Y, Svichkar V, Fastovets N, Shamborovskyi G. The role of state and non-state institutions in the formation of regulatory paradigms in the international business environment. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología - Serie de Conferencias. 2024; 3:.1126. https://doi.org/10.56294/sctconf2024.1126

Submitted: 06-02-2024                   Revised: 13-05-2024                   Accepted: 27-08-2024                 Published: 28-08-2024

Editor: Dr. William Castillo-González

Corresponding author: Volodymyr Morozov *

ABSTRACT

In the context of a globalised world, the importance of effective regulation for sustainable development is becoming increasingly important. Growing environmental challenges, the need for economic growth and innovation require a comprehensive approach to regulation that involves both governmental and non-governmental institutions. The relevance of this research is to explore the interaction between these institutions to form a regulatory environment aimed at achieving the goals of sustainable development.

The research has shown that state institutions play a crucial role in creating a regulatory framework for sustainable development, and setting standards and regulatory requirements. At the same time, non-governmental institutions, including international organisations, NGOs, and the private sector, make a significant contribution to developing innovative approaches, and providing financing, and technical support for sustainable development projects. Joint interaction between state and non-state institutions contributes not only to the harmonisation of regulatory standards and the exchange of best practices but also, last but not least, to the efficiency of implementing various sustainable development initiatives.

The conclusions emphasise the need to further strengthen the interaction between governmental and non-governmental institutions in order to implement an integrated approach to sustainable development. In particular, it is crucial to develop mechanisms for flexible adaptation of regulatory initiatives to the specifics of different countries and regions, as well as to ensure a balance between global harmonisation of standards and national adaptation. Further study of mechanisms of effective cooperation is required to identify best practices and develop new tools for cooperation.

Keywords: Sustainable Development; Technological Innovations; State Institutions; Non-State Institutions; Germany; Economic Regulation.

RESUMEN

En el contexto de un mundo globalizado, la importancia de una regulación eficaz para el desarrollo sostenible es cada vez mayor. Los crecientes desafíos medioambientales, la necesidad de crecimiento económico y la innovación exigen un enfoque global de la regulación que implique tanto a las instituciones gubernamentales como a las no gubernamentales. La relevancia de esta investigación consiste en explorar la interacción entre estas instituciones para formar un entorno regulador orientado a la consecución de los objetivos del desarrollo sostenible.

La investigación ha demostrado que las instituciones estatales desempeñan un papel crucial en la creación de un marco normativo para el desarrollo sostenible y en el establecimiento de normas y requisitos reglamentarios. Al mismo tiempo, las instituciones no gubernamentales, incluidas las organizaciones internacionales, las ONG y el sector privado, contribuyen de manera significativa a desarrollar enfoques innovadores y a proporcionar financiación y apoyo técnico a los proyectos de desarrollo sostenible. La interacción conjunta entre instituciones estatales y no estatales contribuye no sólo a la armonización de las normas reguladoras y al intercambio de mejores prácticas, sino también, y no por ello menos importante, a la eficacia de la aplicación de diversas iniciativas de desarrollo sostenible.

Las conclusiones subrayan la necesidad de seguir reforzando la interacción entre instituciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales para aplicar un enfoque integrado del desarrollo sostenible. En particular, es crucial desarrollar mecanismos de adaptación flexible de las iniciativas normativas a las especificidades de los distintos países y regiones, así como garantizar un equilibrio entre la armonización mundial de las normas y la adaptación nacional. Es necesario seguir estudiando los mecanismos de cooperación eficaz para identificar las mejores prácticas y desarrollar nuevas herramientas de cooperación.

Palabras clave: Desarrollo Sostenible; Innovaciones Tecnológicas; Instituciones Estatales; Instituciones No Estatales; Alemania; Regulación Económica.

INTRODUCTION

In today’s rapidly globalising world, where technological advancements set new economic interaction standards, it is crucial to analyse the roles of state and non-state institutions in forming regulatory paradigms.⁽¹⁾ This academic paper explores the evolving regulatory methods within the globalised economy and examines how interactions between state and non-state institutions shape regulatory frameworks that impact international economic activity.

Understanding these processes reveals the dynamics of modern economic relations and highlights the challenges faced by nation-states and transnational corporations amidst constant change.⁽³⁾ This research underscores the importance of regulatory paradigms in stabilising the global economy, ensuring transparency and predictability in international economic processes, and influencing strategic decisions at both macro and microeconomic levels.

We aim to identify key factors influencing regulatory paradigms, such as innovation, technological progress, international trade, financial flows, environmental challenges, and social responsibility. By analysing these aspects, we assess the impact of governmental and non-governmental institutions in forming effective and fair regulatory mechanisms that address contemporary challenges and promote sustainable global economic development.

Special attention is given to the interaction between different institutions, their roles in shaping policies affecting international economic relations, and the mechanisms through which they contribute to the development and adaptation of global regulatory standards. This research enriches the understanding of the international economic system and contributes to the theory and practice of international economic regulation.

The topic we have chosen has attracted considerable attention on the part of the researchers on both sides of the Atlantic. Danielsen⁽¹⁾ argues that integrating economic theories with international law can create more effective global regulatory frameworks, emphasizing the need for adaptation. Similarly, Wigger & Buch-Hansen⁽²⁾ analyze the stability of EU competition regulation during the economic crisis, highlighting institutional obstacles to change. Taylor⁽³⁾ and Laffont⁽⁴⁾ both stress the importance of innovation and theoretical advances in regulatory strategies, pointing to the need for flexibility and adaptation to the global economy.

Wackowski & Gavkalova⁽⁵⁾ reveal key aspects and challenges of state regulatory policy in economic development, while Bartle & Vass⁽⁶⁾ propose self-regulation for greater flexibility and efficiency. Contiades et al.⁽⁷⁾ and Alleman & Rappoport⁽⁸⁾ highlight the need for new regulatory paradigms in pharmaceutical regulation and communication technologies, respectively.

Stiglitz⁽⁹⁾ and Sachana et al.⁽¹⁰⁾ underscore the impact of information access and scientific advances on regulation. Zhavoronok et al.⁽¹¹⁾ and Zarbà et al.⁽¹²⁾ emphasize comprehensive approaches and the role of legal frameworks in promoting sustainability. Randle et al.⁽¹³⁾ and Decker⁽¹⁴⁾ provide insights into water management and modern economic regulation, respectively.

Stigler⁽¹⁵⁾ and Mayer⁽¹⁶⁾ explore how group interests and corporate goals influence regulatory policy and economic development, advocating for new approaches. Yu & Wang⁽¹⁷⁾ and Wang & Lee⁽¹⁸⁾ demonstrate that effective environmental regulation can drive economic growth and industrial modernization.

Li et al.⁽¹⁹⁾ and Zhao et al.⁽²⁰⁾ find that environmental regulation attracts foreign investment and supports green growth. Fredström et al.⁽²¹⁾ and Du et al.⁽²²⁾ highlight the importance of a flexible regulatory framework for innovation and urban sustainability. Murshed et al.⁽²³⁾ and Nathaniel et al.⁽²⁴⁾ confirm the role of environmental patents and regulation in reducing ecological footprints while maintaining growth.

Koch⁽²⁵⁾ and Breyer et al.⁽²⁶⁾ focus on the state’s role in sustainable transformation and the complexity of regulatory policy. Cicala⁽²⁷⁾ and Song et al.⁽²⁸⁾ address market and regulatory imperfections in energy production and the strategic interactions between local governments. McIlwaine et al.⁽²⁹⁾ and Qian et al.⁽³⁰⁾ emphasize innovations in energy storage and the transition of coal cities to sustainability.

Liu et al.^(31,32) explore the economic impact of environmental regulation on labor demand and green innovation in China. Finally, Khan et al.⁽³³⁾ discuss the role of digital technologies and circular practices in sustainable development during and after COVID-19.

The main themes that run through these studies include the need for a balance between regulation and market mechanisms, the role of technological innovation and green growth in shaping sustainable development, and the importance of intergovernmental cooperation in achieving environmental goals.

In the context of the globalised world, where economic activity is closely linked to environmental impacts, understanding and implementing effective regulation is becoming an integral part of modern economic policy. Thus, the role of governmental and non-governmental institutions in shaping regulatory paradigms in the global economy is not only relevant but also necessary to ensure balanced development that takes into account the economic, social and environmental aspects of the modern world.

The purpose of the present research is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the impact of state and non-state institutions on regulatory paradigms in the context of a globalised world economy, with a particular focus on economic efficiency, environmental sustainability, and technological innovation. This research seeks to assess how different forms of regulation influence sustainable economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social responsibility, based on the assumption that effective regulation can serve as a catalyst for achieving sustainable development goals.

METHOD

The methodology of the present research is based on an integrated approach that includes the use of systemic and structural-functional methods, as well as analysis and synthesis. This approach makes it possible to dive deeply into the issues under study, identify interconnections and interdependencies between different elements of regulatory paradigms and assess their impact on economic growth, environmental sustainability and innovation activity.

The systemic method involves considering governmental and non-governmental institutions as integral parts of a larger system of the global economy. This method will assess the internal and external factors that influence the formation of regulatory paradigms in order to identify the key elements of the system and analyse their interaction.

The structural-functional method will allow us to consider the role of each institution in the regulatory system, determine their functions and influence on the formation and implementation of regulatory paradigms. This approach will help identify the mechanisms of interaction between institutions and the impact of these interactions on the achievement of sustainable development goals.

The analysis and synthesis will be used to examine in detail the individual components of regulatory paradigms, their features and impact on the global economy. This involves disassembling the data into its component parts (analysis) to gain a deeper understanding of the structure and functioning of regulatory mechanisms and combining the data into a coherent view (synthesis) to formulate general conclusions and recommendations.

Thus, the application of this comprehensive methodology will allow achieving the research purpose by providing a deep understanding of the impact of regulatory mechanisms on the economic and environmental future of the global economy.

RESULTS

Government institutions are crucial in shaping the regulatory environment affecting economic growth, environmental sustainability, and innovation. They establish rules, define permissible activities, and influence economic behaviors.

Economic growth relies on effective regulation to attract investment, promote competition, and protect property rights. The government fosters investment through tax, credit, and public procurement policies, supporting innovation and technological advancement.

Environmental sustainability is a key regulatory focus. State institutions use regulations to protect the environment, control emissions, manage resources, and promote green technology and energy.

Government support for technological innovation includes funding R&D and creating innovation hubs. A regulatory environment that encourages openness and competition is essential for the innovation ecosystem.

Government institutions thus ensure economic growth, environmental sustainability, and technological innovation through effective regulation balancing private and public interests. Adapting regulations to global changes and supporting innovation is vital.

Non-state institutions, including international organizations, NGOs, and the private sector, significantly influence global regulatory standards. Their contributions are crucial for international economic relations and sustainable development.

International organizations like the UN, World Bank, IMF, and WTO shape economic policies and standards, providing platforms for dialogue and funding regulatory initiatives.

NGOs like WWF, Greenpeace, and Amnesty International impact regulatory standards through advocacy, research, and public education, raising awareness of global issues and pushing for reforms.

The private sector influences regulatory standards through innovation, corporate social responsibility, and participation in international standardization organizations.

Non-governmental contributions to regulatory standards facilitate international trade, investment, technological exchange, and sustainable development. They help solve transnational problems through cooperation and harmonization of standards.

Non-governmental institutions play a vital role in creating a regulatory environment that promotes global economic growth, sustainability, and innovation. Their efforts in international cooperation, advocacy, and standardization are essential for sustainable development.

Modern interactions between governmental and non-governmental institutions involve joint policy development, project implementation, and effectiveness monitoring.

Joint policy-making, where international organizations and NGOs contribute expertise, enhances regulatory decisions. Partnerships in sustainable development projects combine resources to achieve common goals like poverty reduction and climate change mitigation, fostering innovation.

Effective cooperation includes joint monitoring of sustainable development progress, with NGOs ensuring transparency and objectivity. This increases policy accountability and allows for timely adjustments to improve efficiency.

Despite the significant potential for interaction between state and non-state institutions, there are challenges, such as divergent interests, bureaucracy, and limited resources. Addressing these challenges requires building trust, mutual respect, and openness to dialogue among all stakeholders. Further development of effective mechanisms for coordination and cooperation can significantly increase the impact of regulatory initiatives on sustainable development.

In examining this issue, it is essential to consider the role of governmental and non-governmental institutions in shaping regulatory paradigms in the global economy, using contemporary German experience as an example. Analysing the interaction of these two types of institutions within the economic policy framework will uncover critical aspects and principles underlying the formation of regulatory frameworks in the modern global economy. This will be of significant importance in understanding the mechanisms of economic regulation and developing effective development strategies.⁽³⁴⁾

Governmental institutions play a decisive role in shaping regulatory paradigms in the global economy. They establish rules and norms that regulate economic activity and determine the direction of a country’s economic development.⁽³⁵⁾ For example, the Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy in Germany influences the country’s energy policy, directing it towards supporting renewable energy sources and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.⁽³⁶⁾ Interaction with other ministries and institutions is crucial in forming a comprehensive economic development strategy.

Governmental institutions facilitate economic development through market regulation, property rights protection, financial stability, and other essential functions. They are instruments of state intervention in economic processes to achieve strategic development goals and increase the efficiency of the market system. However, it is essential to consider that the role of governmental institutions can be limited by shortcomings in their functioning, corruption, and political influence.⁽³⁷⁾ Therefore, it is necessary to continuously improve the regulatory base and ensure its alignment with contemporary economic development challenges.

Non-governmental institutions, such as industrial associations, scientific research institutions, and public organisations, also significantly shape regulatory paradigms in the global economy. They actively collaborate with the government and other state institutions to implement new policies and strategies for sustainable economic growth and social progress. For example, the “Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft” collaborates with industrial enterprises to develop new technologies and enhance their competitiveness in Germany.

Public organisations advocate for citizens’ interests and uphold principles of sustainable development, environmental safety, and corporate social responsibility.⁽³⁸⁾ Their participation in shaping regulatory paradigms ensures a balanced approach to economic development and helps to mitigate the negative impact of business activities on the environment and society.

Germany is crucial in addressing global challenges such as climate change and the energy crisis. As a leader in economic regulation, Germany actively promotes creating international standards and collaborative strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and support sustainable development. The “Energiewende” initiative is a significant step towards creating an environmentally clean energy system.

The German experience is an example of how a country can influence the formation of regulatory paradigms on a global scale. By implementing innovative technologies and energy-efficient solutions, Germany promotes sustainable development and reduces pollutant emissions into the atmosphere.⁽³⁹⁾

Global challenges, such as climate change and the energy crisis, require joint strategies and international cooperation. As one of the leaders in economic regulation, Germany is involved in addressing these challenges and actively contributes to creating international standards and joint strategies. The “Energiewende” initiative is a significant step towards creating an environmentally clean energy system.⁽⁴⁰⁾

Germany’s participation in global initiatives and international projects aims to reduce the negative impact of economic activities on the environment and promote sustainable development.⁽⁴¹⁾ Cooperation with other countries and international organisations allows for more effective resolution of global problems and achieving common goals.

Global challenges, such as climate change and the energy crisis, require the collective efforts of countries worldwide to effectively regulate economic activities and ensure sustainable development. In this context, Germany plays a crucial role by actively participating in international initiatives and developing joint strategies.

The “Energiewende” (energy transition) initiative has become one of Germany’s critical strategies in combating the energy crisis and climate change. This initiative envisages a gradual phase-out of coal and nuclear energy in favour of renewable sources such as solar and wind energy. State and non-state institutions actively cooperate in implementing this strategy, facilitating its successful implementation and reducing dependence on coal and other harmful energy sources. In this context, Germany’s “Energiewende 2050” strategy has become a key instrument in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to sustainable energy development.⁽⁴²⁾

In light of the global energy crisis and the threat of climate change, Germany’s active participation in international forums and initiatives takes on special significance. Developing joint strategies and international agreements becomes essential in combating global challenges and ensuring sustainable economic development worldwide.

Governmental institutions in Germany play a significant role in regulating the labor market, ensuring the protection of workers’ rights, and fostering the development of flexible employment forms. The Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs establishes legislative norms regarding working conditions, ensures social protection for workers, and promotes the development of a professional training system.

Non-governmental institutions like trade unions and employer associations influence the labor market. They represent the interests of workers and employers, negotiate collective agreements, and facilitate the resolution of labour conflicts.

In response to changes in the labor market, such as the increasing role of digitalisation and automation, Germany is developing employment and social protection strategies. Government programs for employment support and professional rehabilitation aim to ensure labour market stability and enhance the population’s qualifications.

Government institutions in Germany play a key role in stimulating innovation and technological development. For example, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research sets strategies to support scientific research and the development of new technologies through funding scientific projects and providing grants for innovative startups. Additionally, the Federal Ministry of Economics and Energy promotes the development of high-tech industrial sectors by providing financial support and regulatory guidance.⁽⁴³⁾

Non-governmental institutions, such as research and innovation centres, also significantly impact innovation policy. For instance, the Fraunhofer Institute collaborates with industrial enterprises to develop new technologies and enhance market competitiveness facilitating the rapid implementation of innovations.

Therefore, governmental institutions in Germany establish critical rules and standards that regulate the country’s economic activity. Their role involves forming a comprehensive strategy for economic development and supporting innovation. Non-governmental institutions, such as industrial associations and scientific institutions, also significantly influence the formation of regulatory paradigms. Their cooperation with government bodies helps create a favourable environment for innovation and development.

The interaction between governmental and non-governmental institutions is crucial for the development and implementation of regulatory initiatives aimed at sustainable development. Joint efforts in policy formulation, project implementation, and monitoring of results open up new opportunities for achieving economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social justice at the global level. Further strengthening of this cooperation can be a decisive factor in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.

DISCUSSIONS

The chosen topic sparks a broad range of discussions, each with varying levels of specificity and importance. Below, we delve into several key discussions, comparing opposing viewpoints and drawing insights from the literature.

Advocates of state regulation argue that government intervention is crucial for protecting public goods such as clean air, water, and biodiversity.⁽¹⁾ They assert that without robust regulatory oversight, corporations and individuals may overlook the externalities of their actions, leading to significant environmental and social issues. For instance, Laffont⁽⁴⁾ emphasizes that theoretical advances in economic models are essential for improving the practical regulation, thus highlighting the state’s role in ensuring regulatory effectiveness through innovation and adaptation.

Conversely, proponents of market mechanisms argue that competition and entrepreneurial initiative, driven by innovation, can balance environmental needs with economic development without excessive government intervention.⁽³⁾ They believe that market-driven self-regulation can be more responsive and efficient in addressing modern challenges. Wigger & Buch-Hansen⁽²⁾ critically analyze the EU’s competition model during the economic crisis, suggesting that market mechanisms, albeit imperfect, play a critical role in sustaining regulatory paradigms.

A balanced approach combining state regulation to set frameworks and standards with market mechanisms to stimulate innovation and efficiency appears most effective for sustainable development. Both systems have their merits and drawbacks, but their integration can foster a more comprehensive and adaptive regulatory environment.

The debate on the private sector’s role in sustainable development is multifaceted. Proponents argue that businesses possess the resources, innovation capacity, and agility to achieve sustainability goals through corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives and investments in green technologies.⁽⁹⁾ Alleman & Rappoport⁽⁸⁾ highlight the private sector’s critical review of current regulatory frameworks, demonstrating its potential to adapt swiftly to technological advances and socio-economic impacts.

Critics, however, contend that the private sector’s profit motives often conflict with sustainability objectives. They argue that without stringent regulatory controls and external monitoring, companies may prioritize short-term financial gains over long-term environmental and social welfare.⁽⁷⁾ This viewpoint underscores the need for effective regulation and incentives to guide the private sector’s substantial potential towards sustainable development.

We contend that while the private sector can be a powerful agent of change, its activities must align with public interest through proper regulation and incentives from the state. This alignment ensures that corporate innovations and initiatives contribute positively to broader sustainability goals.

The harmonization of international standards is a contentious issue. Proponents argue that unified regulatory standards facilitate international trade, simplify market access, and elevate global environmental and social requirements.⁽²⁵⁾ They believe that international standards can streamline compliance processes and foster a higher baseline for regulatory practices across countries.

Opponents, however, express concern that international standards may not account for the specific needs and contexts of individual countries, particularly developing ones. They argue that imposing uniform standards can lead to socio-economic challenges in countries lacking the resources for swift adaptation.⁽¹¹⁾ This perspective emphasizes the importance of flexibility in implementing international standards to accommodate local conditions and capabilities.

We assert that international standards play a pivotal role in shaping global regulatory practices. However, their implementation must be adaptable to local contexts to ensure they promote sustainable development effectively. Striking a balance between global harmonization and national adaptation is crucial for fostering regulatory environments that support sustainable development universally.

In conclusion, the discussions surrounding state regulation versus market mechanisms, the private sector’s role, and the impact of international standards reveal the complexity of forming effective regulatory paradigms. Integrating government regulation with market-driven innovation, leveraging private sector potential, and balancing international standards with local adaptations are essential for achieving sustainable development goals. Effective regulation, supported by intergovernmental cooperation and flexible frameworks, is critical for addressing modern economic and environmental challenges. This comprehensive approach ensures a balanced and adaptive regulatory environment conducive to sustainable development.

CONCLUSIONS

The study explored the intricate role of governmental and non-governmental institutions in shaping a regulatory environment conducive to sustainable development. By analyzing the interaction between these institutions, significant potential was revealed for promoting economic growth, environmental sustainability, and innovative development.

State institutions are crucial in establishing the foundational conditions for sustainable development through regulation aimed at environmental protection and economic growth. Non-governmental institutions, including international organizations, NGOs, and the private sector, complement government efforts by providing innovative solutions, financial resources, and expertise in implementing sustainable initiatives.

The cooperation between governmental and non-governmental institutions is vital for achieving the integrated goals of sustainable development. This collaboration facilitates the harmonization of regulatory standards and practices at an international level, ensuring a unified approach to transnational issues. However, challenges remain, such as balancing universal regulatory requirements with local specifics, necessitating flexibility and adaptation.

This research underscores the importance of an integrated approach, combining government regulation with market mechanisms, leveraging private sector innovation, and adapting international standards to local contexts. Effective regulation, supported by intergovernmental cooperation and flexible frameworks, is essential for addressing modern economic and environmental challenges. These findings highlight the need for continuous improvement in regulatory mechanisms to foster a balanced and adaptive regulatory environment conducive to sustainable development.

By synthesizing the insights from the literature and discussions, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the complex dynamics in regulatory paradigms and their impact on sustainable development. Future research should focus on developing more flexible regulatory mechanisms, exploring the role of digital technologies in enhancing institutional interactions, and analyzing the effectiveness of public-private partnerships in implementing sustainable development projects.

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FINANCING

The authors did not receive financing for the development of this research.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

AUTHORSHIP CONTRIBUTION

Conceptualization: Volodymyr Morozov, Yuriі Shulzhyk, Vitalii Svichkar, Nataliia Fastovets, Grygoriy Shamborovskyi.

Data curation: Volodymyr Morozov, Yuriі Shulzhyk.

Formal analysis: Volodymyr Morozov, Yuriі Shulzhyk, Vitalii Svichkar, Nataliia Fastovets, Grygoriy Shamborovsky.

Research: Volodymyr Morozov, Yuriі Shulzhyk, Vitalii Svichkar, Nataliia Fastovets, Grygoriy Shamborovsky.

Methodology: Volodymyr Morozov, Yuriі Shulzhyk, Vitalii Svichkar, Nataliia Fastovets, Grygoriy Shamborovsky.

Project management: Volodymyr Morozov.

Resources: Volodymyr Morozov, Yuriі Shulzhyk, Vitalii Svichkar, Nataliia Fastovets, Grygoriy Shamborovsky.

Software: Nataliia Fastovets, Grygoriy Shamborovsky.

Supervision: Vitalii Svichkar, Nataliia Fastovets, Grygoriy Shamborovsky.

Validation: Yuriі Shulzhyk, Vitalii Svichkar.

Display: Volodymyr Morozov, Yuriі Shulzhyk, Vitalii Svichkar, Nataliia Fastovets, Grygoriy Shamborovsky.

Drafting - original draft: Volodymyr Morozov, Yuriі Shulzhyk, Vitalii Svichkar, Nataliia Fastovets, Grygoriy Shamborovsky.

Writing - proofreading and editing: Volodymyr Morozov, Yuriі Shulzhyk, Vitalii Svichkar, Nataliia Fastovets, Grygoriy Shamborovsky.