doi: 10.56294/sctconf20241149

 

Categoría: Arts and Humanities

 

ORIGINAL

 

Problems of children with working mothers in Wasit governorate and how to reduce them

 

Problemas de los niños con madres trabajadoras en la gobernación de Wasit y cómo reducirlos

 

Souad Dawod1 *, Noor Adnan1 *, Ghaniya Tarad1 *

 

1Wasit University, Kindergarten Department. Wasit, Iraq.

 

Cite as: Dawod S, Adnan N, Tarad G. Problems of children with working mothers in Wasit governorate and how to reduce them. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología - Serie de Conferencias. 2024; 3:1149. https://doi.org/10.56294/sctconf20241149

 

Submitted: 13-02-2024                   Revised: 07-05-2024                   Accepted: 02-08-2024                 Published: 03-08-2024

 

Editor: Dr. William Castillo-González  

 

ABSTRACT

 

In spite of the countless developments that have occurred in our society and the entry of women into the field of work and their contribution in most sectors, they still suffer from their problems within the institution in which they work and their performance and other problems within the family environment in which they live. All problems affect performance within the family and at work. The research sample consisted of (150) kindergarten teachers, who were chosen randomly. The results were analyzed using the statistical package (SPSS), and the results were obtained. There are psychological and behavioral problems that arise among the children of working mothers, and there is a correlation between the mother’s work and the children’s problems. One of the most important recommendations of the current research is to create appropriate environmental conditions for the children of working mothers. Regarding the conclusions of the study, it has been shown that there are psychological problems among the children of working mothers, and this results from the mother being away from home for long hours, and the presence of behavioral problems resulting from the child’s emotional deprivation, psychological pressure, the child’s lack of experience, and his lack of awareness of how to deal with problems.

 

Keywords: Children’s Problems; Working Mothers; Kindergarten.

 

RESUMEN

 

A pesar de los innumerables avances ocurridos en nuestra sociedad y el ingreso de las mujeres al campo laboral y su aporte en la mayoría de los sectores, ellas aún sufren sus problemas dentro de la institución en la que trabajan y su desempeño y otros problemas dentro del entorno familiar en el que viven. Todos los problemas afectan el desempeño dentro de la familia y en el trabajo. La muestra de la investigación estuvo compuesta por (150) maestras de jardín de infantes, quienes fueron elegidas al azar. Los resultados se analizaron mediante el paquete estadístico (SPSS) y se obtuvieron los resultados. Hay problemas psicológicos y de comportamiento que surgen entre los hijos de madres trabajadoras, y existe una correlación entre el trabajo de la madre y los problemas de los niños. Una de las recomendaciones más importantes de la investigación actual es crear condiciones ambientales apropiadas para los hijos de madres trabajadoras. En cuanto a las conclusiones del estudio, se ha demostrado que existen problemas psicológicos entre los hijos de madres trabajadoras, esto se debe a que la madre permanece fuera de casa por largas horas, y a la presencia de problemas de conducta derivados de la privación emocional del niño. presión psicológica, la falta de experiencia del niño y su falta de conciencia sobre cómo afrontar los problemas.

 

Palabras clave: Problemas de los niños; Madres Trabajadoras; Jardín de Infancia.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION

Despite the great developments that have occurred in our society and the entry of women into the field of work and their participation in most sectors, they still suffer from their problems within the institution in which they work and their performance and other problems within the family environment in which they live. All problems affect performance within the family and at work.(1)

Among other things, societies seek to achieve two complementary goals: maintaining survival and continuity, and secondly, cohesion and balance in an environment charged with continuous changes and successive developments. It is known that survival and continuity cannot be achieved for a society unless it maintains its customs, standards of behavior, controls therein, and values ​​and beliefs.(2)

Conservation here means that Society is transmitted through its various institutions, and among their customs was women not joining work and refraining from raising their children, as we see when studying history reveals to us the suffering of women, their exploitation, and their persecution, and there was no system or belief that lifted from women the nightmare of injustice, persecution, and suffering other than the divine principles that were most sublimely embodied. Her images are in the eternal Islamic message, and after the great development that occurred in society, the status of women changed, as women joined the field of work outside the home, as their role in the field of work became an urgent necessity from an economic and social perspective.(3)

Children are considered the most affected age group by situations resulting from difficult circumstances due to their lack of cognitive and life experience, and the limited coping mechanisms available to them. The effects of difficult circumstances include important aspects of children’s lives, most of which are the threat directed towards meeting their basic material and psychological needs, in addition to the interruption of their normal lives.(4)

In fact, the absence of new experiences necessary for their continued healthy growth process, and therefore the surrounding environment available to the child is of special importance in helping him regain his ability to adapt, especially because of the child’s direct dependence on family members and adults around him to provide support and guidance.(5)

The children of working women are exposed to many problems, including emotional deprivation. At the beginning of the children’s stage of life, the woman may be forced to work, leaving the child at the beginning of his birth and depriving him of breastfeeding. This breastfeeding is one of our good, balanced traditions, the psychological and health benefits of which modern science has shown, so the mother resorts to using breastfeeding.

The maids may be assigned to give her attention and care until she returns from work, and this exposes the child to deprivation of the tenderness and love that nourishes his soul and makes him feel reassured and belonging, or you may resort to placing the child in a nursery to solve the problem of care, and this is what will transfer the child to a feeling of cruelty, disintegration of feelings, and a feeling of lack of belonging as a result of the legacy away from her.(6)

From the beginning of his life, a person lives in a number of different contexts (family, school, companions, professional environment), but the family context remains among these contexts extremely unique and private. Hence, the family’s influence was serious on the formation of the child’s personality in the primary group in which his personality grows during the early and decisive years.

Hamid Abdel Salam Zahran pointed out the role of the family and its great impact on the child’s psychological development, especially its methods of raising its children and its treatment of them, and what is called parental tendencies.(7)

Despite these justifications, working women appear to have various family problems resulting from the mother-wife’s departure to work, and these problems will be reflected in the children and in family stability. The family is considered a general basic system on whose existence the survival and continuation of society depends. The family also provides society with new members to carry out the work.

In their roles in other social systems, the mother is considered the main engine of the family, and her going out to work requires her to bear two responsibilities. The first responsibility is to raise her children and manage the affairs of the home, and the second responsibility is to carry out her professional duties according to the job she holds.

Accordingly, what is required of a woman, a working mother, is to be able to balance between her family duties and work outside the home so that her family stability is not shaken. Women’s work is linked to some of the challenges that she faced in her personal capacity or that she and her family faced (husband and children). Women’s going to work has become a similar reality in this era, and it is natural for them to encounter some problems because they are in accordance with some of their roles in life. As a woman, mother, or wife, she has duties that she must perform, and there is no doubt that a woman’s work outside the home increases her basic burden, which is contributing to managing the home and caring for and raising the children.(8)

 

Research Significance

The significance of the present study stems from the its aims for identifying the negative effects on the family as they leave the home and go to work, revealing the impact of women’s work on family balance and family stability clearing the problems facing the family and children and finding solutions for them and addressing them, and finally developing proposals to address these problems in order to reduce the burdens and pressures on the family.

 

Research Objectives

The current research aims at illustrating the problems of children with working mothers, the relationship between children’s problems and the mother’s work, and showing the problems that affect performance within the family and at work in general.

 

Terns Definition

It is a state of dissatisfaction and tension that arises from the awareness of the existence of obstacles to reaching the goal.(9) “Any puzzling difficulty, whether real or artificial, requires the work of thought to be solved” (Shehata and Al-Najjar, 2003: 276). The operational definition is “the difficulties faced by children of working mothers, which appear through the working mother on the items of the scale.”. (10)

 

The working mother, and everyone knows her

Scholars have defined the mother differently but all have stressed on her essential role. “She is the woman who works outside the home, regardless of whether her work is manual, professional, administrative, or scientific (Al-Hassan, 2008: 75). “She is the woman who works outside the home and receives a financial wage in exchange for her work, and at the same time performs her other roles as a mother in addition to her role as a worker or employee. (11)

 

Theoretical Framework

Childhood plays an important role in a child’s life and is considered a stage that creates the future and is the pillar and basis for the progress of any nation. Psychological studies have confirmed the importance of the childhood stage in a person’s life and its seriousness in shaping their personalities. The family is the basic unit of society and is a cohesive social system with a system of relationships and roles among its members. Therefore, the family is the appropriate environment and climate for the child’s growth. If the family is psychologically and socially compatible and includes the child with its care and affection and satisfies his psychological needs, then the child enjoys psychological health. However, if the family is not psychologically and socially compatible and the child is deprived of care and affection and his psychological needs are not satisfied, then this leads to poor health and mental. He develops problems that may extend to a stage that requires professional intervention, and these problems extend to include problems (mental retardation, aggression, violence, lack of behavioral control, fears, theft, lying, and bedwetting). It turns out that children’s problems are the result of abnormal trends in raising children and that any disorder in a child’s behavior is the result of a disorder in the family itself, and the best way to help the child is to help the parents, and the value of the help increases if the family participates in the treatment.(12)

The child is completely dependent on the mother, as she satisfies his needs and at the same time establishes the first emotional connection with the mother as an expression of social response. The child’s behavior and tendencies are also linked to the mother’s reactions to what she likes or does not like, and on a broader basis, all social values and beliefs are conveyed to the child through the mother, and the mother also plays an important role in directing the socialization process, whether it is a healthy or satisfactory direction according to the type of the child’s relationship with his mother. Perhaps it is useful here to point out that the relationship affects the formation of the child’s personality and his adaptation to society, and the child’s relationship with his mother leads to the child’s self-acceptance and the development of his physical and psychological abilities. Mental and emotional, since this relationship takes place in an atmosphere of the mother’s acceptance of her child and her love for him, and the fetus in the mother’s womb is affected by her psychological and health condition during pregnancy, and any infection of the mother, whether with some physical disease or emotional and psychological disorders, may lead to permanent problems for the child later on related to his health.

Psychological, physical and mental, as psychologists and sociologists agree that the mother is the mediator of social upbringing. She is the first representative of society that the child meets through the care and care she provides to the child. She begins to stimulate the emotions and symbols that give the child human nature and also enables him to become a member participating positively in society.(13)

Children are considered the age group most affected by the situations resulting from difficult circumstances due to their lack of cognitive and life experience and their limited coping mechanisms. Difficult circumstances include several important aspects in children’s lives, the majority of which are represented by the threat directed towards meeting their basic material and psychological needs, in addition to the absence of new experiences necessary to continue the process. Their healthy growth, and therefore the child’s surrounding environment is of special importance in helping him regain his ability to adapt, especially because of the child’s direct dependence on family members and adults around him to provide support and guidance.(14)

The mother’s entry into work led to a change in concepts, customs, approaches, and methods. Many members of society and its value system have changed, as women have begun to assume tasks that exceed those of men, and have participated in many projects that work to develop countries, their existence, and themselves in various fields. The working woman performs professional roles as a housewife and a worker, and with the multiplicity of roles, she achieves a greater sense of satisfaction. However, it may make her more vulnerable to suffering from role conflict and the difficulty of work tasks.

Many women faced the challenges successfully, and some of them were unable to reconcile and agree between roles and the family. The incompatibility was reflected in role conflict, and a woman playing two roles makes her experience conflict, as if she neglects a little in paying attention to her job duties. Because she is busy with her duties as a housewife, she is threatened with losing her job, and if she tries to keep her job and is unable to take care of her husband and children, she is threatened with losing her privileges as a wife, a mother, and a woman, and this creates psychological pressure in her due to her many responsibilities.(15)

The mother’s absence from home is one of the causes of psychological disorders for the child. The mother’s absence from home for a long period of time affects the child, who remains in a state of waiting and anxiety until his mother returns. This is on the child’s side, but on the mother’s side, there is a different kind of phenomenon. A woman who is absent from the child for long periods can feel a complex of guilt and is always anxious and confused, so the mother is forced to bring a nanny. It is possible that this nanny has abnormal methods of raising the child, such as cruelty and the use of violence and beating. This leaves bad effects on the child’s psychological aspect, such as fear, anxiety, and psychological complexes that may accompany him throughout his life.

 

The Theory of Gender Equality

This theory is concerned with the disparity between the sexes in work, and believes that the field of male work emerges from the sexual division of labor, based on its acceptance of the theory of biological determinism and the socio-biological theory of an evolutionary nature, which sees the sexual division as a central element in this division and whose roots extend through the stages of human development.

The man’s preoccupation with hunting and the woman with picking led to the man’s control over the reins of affairs due to what some research has shown on the technological complexity of the hunting process and the simplicity of the work carried out by the woman, in addition to the relative stability of women in one place because they carry and care for children. The proponents of this theory may appear in the West. In the form of movements such as the Women’s Liberation Movement and the Women’s Movement, which are social and political movements taken by a social group demanding a general and comprehensive expression of the status of women in the world and in society.

 

Functional Theory

The functional perspective states its theoretical statements on the basis of the assumption that the role of the woman is fulfilled within the framework of the family as a wife, mother, and housewife. Accordingly, this perspective confirms her subordinate position. Parsons, as one of the most prominent scholars of this trend, tried to present a theory in which he explains the importance of evaluating work between the sexes, so that it pertains to men’s work. Production and the practice of all economic, social and political activities in society, while the role of women is limited to family function in order to achieve a degree of balance within the social structure of an entire society.(16)

 

Marxist Theory

This theory is a comprehensive analysis of the roles of women in light of dialectical materialism and historicism. Marx, Engels, and Peter gave special attention to the issue of women’s oppression and emphasized that their submission and oppression are a result of the economic development that human societies have undergone. As for Effels, he gave comprehensive expressions to the factors that helped to differentiate between the sexes. By relying on the ideas of class exploitation and the emergence of private property, and in light of this context, he says that the first-class hostility that appeared in history was identical with the development of hostility between men and women in light of the accession of monogamous marriage, and that the first-class injustice was accompanied by the man’s oppression of women.

There are explanations for this saying that in the tribal system, women had an important role in the production process, which earned them a better position than men thanks to their productive and social role. These societies were called Umayyad, and we see different theories about women’s work, as it turns out that each theory focused on a specific aspect. That is, equality between the sexes. Considering the disparity that exists between men and women to be similar to the phenomenon of sexual evaluation of work, this theory called for the necessity of equality between the sexes.

As for the second theory, women were considered subordinate and confined within the framework of the family, and their job is to care for family members to achieve balance within the social system. As for the Marxist theory, it said that the role of women was not the most recent shows the collapse of the capitalist system and the development of its role within the framework of private ownership. All of these theories explained to us the point of view of women’s work.(17)

Since women do not only represent half of society, but they are the basic rule and active force in society, asserting themselves as human beings and entering the arena of daily society. They are the ones who contribute to building and developing society and raising their human potential.

Women’s work, in light of the social and economic changes that we are instituting, is considered one of the issues that has occupied the minds of the world, as opinions have been divided between supporters and opponents of the idea, as some prefer that women not be involved in work and that they must stay at home to take care of their children and husband, while some of those who support women’s work point out that their work It is important for her participation in the process of social development and the formation of her personality independent of men.(18)

 

Justifications for Pushing Women to Work

The generosity of women is considered one of the phenomena that has witnessed a significant growth over time in our societies. Thus, women have been able to prove their importance in the field of production and economic work, from which they had remained far away, especially in the field of work outside the home. This is not a coincidence, but rather came as a result of a group of efforts made. By women around the world, added to the set of changes taking place in society that have made it necessary for women to participate in the arena of development and economic production, without abandoning their basic mission at home. The reasons for women resorting to work are:

 

The social field

1.   Society’s traditional view of women’s work, as it provided women with education and work opportunities.

2.   The desire of most young men to marry working girls or those who own a large inheritance equivalent to the income of a housewife’s salary.

3.   The societal system may necessitate her going out to work, such as farming in the countryside.

4.   Husbands encourage their wives to work, and this may be due to social progress as a result of economic crises.

5.   A woman’s exposure to divorce or the death of her husband prompts her to go out and look for work in order to adapt to her social and economic conditions

 

Economic field

What is meant by it is the economic or material need of the woman to earn her living or the need of the family to rely on its income, and the living and economic conditions in which the modern family lives are what forced the woman to work to help her husband and fulfill the desires of her family members for food, clothing and medicine.(19)

 

Types of problems that children experience

Problems are considered among the most prominent problems and obstacles facing the child, as the journey that is considered one of the most important stages that a person goes through as it is the stage of personality formation. In addition to the rapid successive developmental, psychological and social changes at this stage, all of this is enough to result in many behavioral problems:

 

Lying

It is for a child to say untrue words, even though he is fully aware of that, with the intention of obtaining his own benefit, or avoiding punishment. It is noted that a child before the age of four says untrue words, but during this period it is not considered a lie in the known sense, for reasons including the child’s inability to express himself, the inability to Distinguishing between reality and imagination, misperception of life events and situations.

 

Aggression

Stubbornness first appears in children toward things before turning to people, and it begins at the age of (2-4) years. After the age of approximately four, most children tend to use verbal aggressive behavior more than physical behavior. After that, aggressive behavior begins at the age of six, and its causes are factors. The environment leads to biological changes in the child, while Freud believes that aggressive behavior is an innate instinct.

 

Theft

The problem of theft in children means that the child takes possession of what he does not have a right or desire to do. Theft in a child is not like that of an adult, as it has a peculiarity linked to the child’s psyche. It is essentially a kind of violation of rights. This behavior has direct and indirect causes and motives in which the child takes something that does not belong to him, which may be that is why (the child is young) he is still at an early age to know how to respect incomplete mental development and deprivation of family affection.

 

Stubbornness

It is considered one of the most common behavioral problems among children in general. It is a behavior that the child shows in the form of public resistance to what is asked of him by others. Stubbornness in children is a natural phenomenon within reasonable limits, when it occurs during the first three years of the child’s life, but it becomes a problem and one of its causes is (Family disintegration, the child’s insecurity, reaction to feeling bored, fluctuation in parental treatment, and nervous mood of the parents).

 

Psychological Problems of The Child

Studying these psychological problems for the child is a matter of utmost importance. Studying the child’s psychological problems is not an end in itself, but it is a means through which the basic goal can be achieved, which is achieving the child’s psychological health by helping him overcome the psychological manifestations and symptoms that hinder his psychological and social adjustment, because the absence of the mother affects the child, who remains in a state of waiting and worrying until his mother returns. This is from the child’s side, but from the mother’s side, there is a phenomenon of another kind, where a guilt complex appears in her and she is always anxious and confused, so the mother is forced to bring a nanny, and it is possible that this nanny has abnormal methods of raising her. The child, such as cruelty and the use of violence and beating, leaves bad effects on the child’s psychological aspect. Among these problems are:

 

Nail biting 

Nail biting is one of the most common psychological problems among children. This condition occurs more frequently among girls than boys, and is considered one of the most prevalent disorders among children. It begins at the age of five or six, and this disorder accompanies advanced stages if it is not treated, and its severity increases in the stages of adolescence, among its causes. It is (emotional maladjustment, the child’s self-punishment, and the anxiety and tension that the child experiences).(20)

 

Involuntary Urination

Bedwetting is considered one of the psychological problems that some children suffer from, as the child’s excretory functions do not develop. This happens in the third year of life, when the child begins the process of regulating urinary excretion, but the problem can extend until the age of (12-15) and beyond, and one of the causes of bedwetting is (Fear, jealousy, deprivation of care, excessive care).(21)

 

Depression

It is a temporary or permanent emotional state in which the individual feels distressed, sad, distressed, and ominous. Researchers have confirmed that depression in a child is the result of a bloody narcissistic wound that affects the child at an early stage, and its causes are, neglect, reprimand, stress, deprivation, a physiological factor.

 

Weak self-confidence:

Therefore, the issue of self-confidence in children is closely linked to the issue of fear. It weakens the spirit of independence in children and results in a loss of security or the presence of fear. Among the manifestations of fear, you find hesitation, shyness, and a lack of boldness and expecting evil and the causes of the problem (wrong parenting style, criticism and reprimand, educators’ interference in children’s affairs, and the child growing up in an environment suffering from anxiety).(22)

 

 Appropriate solutions to the problems of children of working mothers:

1.   Placing the child in a nursery or kindergarten close to the working mother’s workplace

2.   Time management to organize household chores. This is done by setting a timetable.

3.   Registering children in institutes, activities or clubs during the mother’s work period.

4.   Allocate time for sitting, because the child needs his mother’s presence next to him, and her presence is not limited to preparing food for him or cleaning his clothes.

5.   Set a time to go out for a walk with the children, go to games or watch a family movie together.

6.   Prepare a simple breakfast for the children, then wake them up and help them prepare their nursery or school bags. These details are not simple in the child’s eyes, and neglecting them may hurt his feelings.

7.   Reduce checking or following Internet programs and being busy away from family and children.

8.   Staying in touch with the children during the day with a phone call to check on them and talk to them.

9.   Read stories to children and play with them until they go to sleep

10. Follow up on children’s duties and meet their needs.

11. Do not leave children with maids for long periods.

12. The working mother’s relationship with her children should be one of friendship, provided that certain limits are maintained.

 

METHODS

The current research relied on the descriptive approach to suit the research requirements for identifying the problems of children of working mothers. This approach works to describe and explain the phenomenon and is considered a method for describing, interpreting and analyzing the relationships and influences that the phenomenon contains, in addition to presenting a future picture in light of current indicators.

 

Research Procedures

Research community

The research community is considered a necessary methodology in educational and psychological research, as the research procedures and results depend on it. (23) The research community included a group of mothers working in educational institutions (College of Basic Education, Al-Aziziyah Education Directorate), numbering (300) working mothers from Female teachers and employees in the College of Basic Education, teachers and directors in kindergartens (in the Aziziyah and Zubaidiyah districts).

 

Research sample

The sample is considered part of the units of the population in question, or the study, and it represents a real part of it, as it is an accurate representation of the community in terms of characteristics.(24) The sample of the current research represented a sample of the community that was selected randomly. (150) working mothers were selected from among the female teachers and employees in the College of Basic Education, numbering (75) and teachers and directors in the government kindergartens affiliated with the Directorate of Education of Al-Aziza and Al-Zubaidiyah, from the kindergarten (Qatar Al-Nada, Children). Al-Buruj, Al-Aziziyah children, Al-Bara’aam, and the Canary, numbering (75).

 

Research Instrument

For the purpose of the research objectives, two scales were prepared (for working mothers - children’s problems for those with working mothers) to suit the research sample and its objectives, and the scales have new psychometric properties.

 

RESULTS

This section includes a presentation of the results reached in accordance with its objectives that were defined and interpreted in light of the theoretical framework and previous studies, as well as recommendations and proposals based on the results and conclusions reached, and will be presented in accordance with the research objectives:

The first goal: problems of children with working mothers

To achieve this goal, a single-sample t-test was used to measure children’s problems. The results showed that the calculated t-value reached (20,86), which is greater than the tabulated value of (1,96) at a significance level of (0,05) and with a degree of freedom (60), which means that there are problems among children of working mothers.

Table 1 indicates that the children of working mothers have psychological problems that are very evident in their behavior due to the mother’s long-term absence from home. This result is consistent with the theory of equality between women and men, meaning that the mother has tasks within the family and that her absence from this task leads to problems for the children. The result of the first objective was consistent with the study (Treroulis, 2020) that the mother’s work affects the raising of children and the mother’s tasks within the family.

 

Table 1. Children Problems among Working Women

Significance level of 0,05

T-value

Standard deviation

Hypothetical mean

Arithmetic mean

Degree of freedom

Sample

Sig.

3

 

 

 

 

 

4

77,231

60

10,121

149

150

 

The relationship between children’s problems and the mother’s work

To achieve this goal, a one-sample t-test was used to measure children’s problems. The results showed that the calculated t-value reached (13,58), which is greater than the tabulated value of (1,96) at a significance level of (0,05) and with a degree of freedom (60), which means that there is Problems in children.

The result of table 2 indicates that this result can be interpreted that women are exposed to a lot of troubles after working and are exposed to pressures. This is consistent with the functional theory which shows that women’s tasks are limited within the family due to the large number of their duties and family concerns. We note from the results that the working mother suffers from obstacles and problems. It is related to raising children, her family relationship, and the children’s level of achievement as a result of her being busy with work for a long time.

 

Table 2. Tabular Calculation for Working Mother

Significance level of 0,05

T-value

Standard deviation

Hypothetical mean

Arithmetic mean

Degree of freedom

Sample

Sig.

1,96

13,58

11,434

60

72,677

149

 

The third goal: The relationship between children’s problems and the mother’s work.

To achieve this goal, a single-sample t-test was used to measure children’s problems. The results showed that the calculated t-value reached (5,70), which is greater than the tabulated value of (1,96) at a significance level of (0,05) and with a degree of freedom (148), which means that there is Problems in children.

The result of table 3 indicates that there is a significant relationship between the mother’s work and the requirements of the children and her preoccupation with working long hours outside the home. This leads to negligence in the requirements of the children and the fulfillment of their duties and their psychological and educational needs, which affects the nature of raising children and exposes them to problems related to the psychological, social and educational aspects, that is, why you lose the ability to hold family together.

 

Table 3. Tabular Calculation for Working Mother

Significance level of 0,05

T-valué

Standard deviation

Hypothetical mean

Arithmetic mean

Degree of freedom

Sample

N/A

0,161

0,422

148

150

1,96               5,70

0,161

 

CONCLUSIONS

1.   It has been shown that there are psychological problems among the children of working mothers, and this results from the mother being away from home for long hours.

2.   The presence of behavioral problems resulting from the child’s emotional deprivation, psychological pressure, the child’s lack of experience, and his lack of awareness of how to deal with problems.

3.   Being away from the mother for long hours a day makes the children unable to rely on themselves and lack self-confidence, creating fear, tension, and anxiety as a result of their loss of security.

 

RECOMMENDATIONS

1.   Creating appropriate environmental conditions for the children of working mothers.

2.   Building nurseries and kindergartens in the same institutions where working mothers work.

3.   Strengthening the working mother’s relationship with her children’s schools in order to follow up and monitor the children.

4.   Increasing working mothers’ awareness of taking care of their children and not neglecting them because of work.

 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

1.  Abu Asaad, Ahmed Abdel Latif, and Al-Marayra, Asma Nayef (2010) Problems of the Kindergarten Child, Dar Haneen for Publishing and Distribution.

 

2.  Abu Shamala, Al-Banin Abdul Rahman (2002) Methods of care in orphanage care institutions and their relationship to psychological and social documentation, unpublished master’s thesis.

 

3.  Agha Suzan Abdel Majeed (1995) The Working Woman between Theory and Practice, The Modern Arab Foundation.

 

4.  Trier, Wafaa, and Hallis, Fawzia (2020) Women’s work and their relationship to caring for children from the point of view of some working women, Master’s thesis in sociology.

 

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FINANCING

No financing

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

None.

 

AUTHORSHIP CONTRIBUTION

Conceptualization: Souad Abdullah Dawod, Noor Faisal Adnan.

Researcher: Ghaniya Hassan Tarad

Writing - original draft: Souad Abdullah Dawod.

Writing - proofreading and editing: Souad Abdullah Dawod, Noor Faisal Adnan, and Ghaniya Hassan Tarad.